Protocaucásico noroccidental (a veces abreviado en inglés PNWC), también protoadigue-abazgi o protoadigues-abjasio, es el ancestro común reconstruido de las Lenguas caucásicas noroccidentales.
Fonológia
Consonantes
| Protocau. Nor. |
Protoabazgi |
Ubije |
Protocircasiano
|
| *p
|
| *pː |
b |
b |
pː
|
| *b
|
| *pʼ
|
| *f |
xʷ
|
| *w
|
| *m
|
| *pʲ |
p |
tʷ |
t
|
| *pʲː |
b |
(tʷ~dʷ) |
tː
|
| *bʲ |
b |
dʷ |
d
|
| *pʼʲ |
pʼ |
tʷʼ |
tʼ
|
| *pʷ |
p |
f |
p
|
| *bʷ |
f |
f |
b
|
| *pʷʲ |
tsʲ |
tʷ |
–
|
| *bʷʲ |
dzʲ |
dʷ |
d
|
| *pʷʲʼ |
tsʲʼ |
tʷʼ |
tʼ
|
| *pˤ |
p |
vˤ |
p
|
| *pˤː |
– |
bˤ |
pː
|
| *bˤ |
b |
bˤ |
b
|
| *pˤʼ |
– |
pˤʼ |
pʼ
|
| *mˤ |
m |
mˤ |
m
|
| *t
|
| *tː |
t |
tː
|
| *d
|
| *tʼ
|
| *r |
r |
d-,r~ʁ |
tː-,r
|
| *n
|
| *rʲ |
r |
ɮ |
dz
|
| *tʷ |
tʷ |
t
|
| *tʷː |
d(ʷ) |
tʷ |
tː
|
| *dʷ |
d
|
| *tʷʼ |
tʼ
|
| *tʷʲ |
tʷ |
– |
ts
|
| *tʷʲʼ |
tʷʼ |
tʷʼ |
tsʼ
|
| *ts |
s-c
|
| *tsː |
ts |
tsː
|
| *dz |
dz |
dz~z
|
| *tsʼ
|
| *s
|
| *z |
z |
dz~z |
z
|
| *tsʲ |
(s)
|
| *tsʲː |
dzʲ(?) |
ts |
tsː
|
| *dzʲ |
dz~z
|
| *tsʲʼ |
tsʼ
|
| *sʲ |
s
|
| *zʲ |
z |
dzʲ~zʲ |
z
|
| *tsʷ |
sʷ-
|
| *tsʷː |
tsʷ |
tsʷ |
tsʷː
|
| *dzʷ |
– |
dzʷ
|
| *tsʷʼ
|
| *sʷ
|
| *zʷ |
dzʷ~zʷ |
zʷ
|
| *tsʷʲ |
(tʃ) |
– |
tsʲ
|
| *dzʷʲ |
dʒ~ʒ |
dʒʲ |
dzʲ
|
| *tsʷʲʼ |
tʃʼ |
tʃʲʼ |
tsʲʼ
|
| *sʷʲ |
sʲ |
tʃʷ |
sʲ
|
| *zʷʲ |
dzʲ~zʲ |
ʒʷ |
zʲ
|
| *tʃ |
tsʲ |
ts |
s
|
| *dʒ |
dzʲ |
dz |
dz~z
|
| *tʃʼ |
tsʲʼ |
tsʼ |
tsʲʼ(?)
|
| *ʃ(~ʃː) |
sʲ |
s |
s
|
| *ʒ |
zʲ |
z |
z
|
| *tɕ
|
| *tɕː |
dzʲ(~tɕ) |
tɕ |
tɕː
|
| *dʑ |
dʑ~ʑ
|
| *tɕʼ
|
| *ɕ |
ʃ(?) |
ɕ |
ʃ
|
| *ɕː |
ʃ |
ɕ |
ʃː
|
| *ʑ |
ʒ |
ʑ |
ʒ
|
| *j
|
| *tʃʷ |
tʃ |
tʃ |
tɕ
|
| *tʃʷː |
zʷ |
tʃ |
tɕː
|
| *dʒʷ |
dzʷ~zʷ |
dʒ |
dʑ~ʑ
|
| *tʃʷʼ |
tʃʼ |
tʃʼ |
tɕʼ
|
| *ʃʷ |
sʷ |
ʃ |
ʃ
|
| *ʃʷː |
ʃ |
ʃ |
ʃː
|
| *ʒʷ |
zʲ(?) |
ʒ |
ʒ
|
| *tɕʷ |
tʃ |
tɕ |
tʃ
|
| *tɕʷː |
dʒ~ʒ |
tɕ |
tʃː
|
| *tɕʷʼ |
tʃʼ |
tɕʼ |
tʃʼ
|
| *ɕʷ |
ʃʷ |
ʃʷ |
sʲ
|
| *ɕʷː |
ʃ |
sʷ |
ʃː
|
| *ʑʷ |
ʒʷ |
ʒʷ |
zʲ
|
| *tɬ |
x |
ɕ |
tɕ
|
| *tɬː |
ts |
(sʲ) |
tɕː
|
| *dɮ |
l |
ɮ |
tħ
|
| *tɬʼ |
x/tsʼ |
tsʲʼ |
tɕʼ
|
| *ɬ |
– |
sʲ |
ɕ
|
| *ɬː |
x |
sʲ |
ɕː
|
| *l |
l |
d-,Ø~j |
tħ-,ɮ
|
| *tɬʲ |
xʲ |
ɕ |
tɕ
|
| *dɮʲ |
ɣʲ |
ʁ(~zʲ) |
ɣ
|
| *tɬʲʼ |
ɕ |
tɬʼ |
tɬʼ
|
| *ɬʲ (~ɬʲʼː) |
ɕ |
ɬ |
ɬ
|
| *ɮʲ |
ʑ |
ɮ |
ɮ
|
| *lʲ |
r-,l~ɣʲ |
ɮ |
d-
|
| *tɬʷ |
tsʷ |
tsʷ |
tʃ
|
| *tɬʷː |
tsʷ |
tsʷ |
tʃː
|
| *dɮʷ |
l |
w |
ħ
|
| *tɬʷʼ |
tsʼ(ʷ) |
tsʼ(ʷ) |
tʃʼ
|
| *ɬʷ |
ʃ |
sʷ |
x(ʷ)
|
| *ɬʷː |
ʃ |
s(ʷ) |
ɕː
|
| *tɬʷʲ |
tʃʷ |
f |
x
|
| *tɬʷʲː |
ʒʷ |
dʑ |
tɕː
|
| *dɮʷʲ |
dʒʷ |
dʒ |
ɮ
|
| *tɬʷʲʼ |
tʃʷʼ |
tsʼ |
tɕʼ
|
| *ɬʷʲ (~ɬʷː) |
ʃ |
ʃʷ |
x(ʷ)
|
| *ɮʷʲ |
ʒ |
ʒʷ |
ɣʲ
|
| *k |
k |
kʲ |
kʲ
|
| *ɡ |
ɡ |
ɡʲ |
ɡʲ
|
| *kʼ |
kʼ |
kʲʼ |
kʲʼ
|
| *x |
x |
ɕ |
x
|
| *ɣ |
ɣ |
ɣ~ʁ |
ɣ
|
| *kʲ |
kʲ |
– |
kʲ
|
| *ɡʲ |
ɡʲ |
– |
ɡʲ
|
| *xʲ |
xʲ |
sʲ |
ɕ
|
| *ɣʲ |
ɣʲ |
zʲ |
ʑ
|
| *kʷ
|
| *kʷː |
ɡʷ |
ɡʷ |
kʷː
|
| *ɡʷ
|
| *kʷʼ
|
| *xʷ |
xʷ |
x |
x(ʷ)
|
| *ɡʲʷ |
ɡʷ |
ɡʲ 1 |
ɡʷ
|
| *kʷʲʼ |
kʷʼ |
kʲʼ |
kʷʲʼ
|
| *xʷʲ |
sʷ |
xʲ |
xʷ
|
| *ɣʷʲ(?) |
zʷ |
ʁʲ |
ʁʷ
|
| *q |
(ħ) |
q |
q-
|
| *qː |
q |
q |
qː
|
| *ɢ |
ɣ |
ʁ |
ʁ
|
| *qʼ |
qʼ |
qʼ |
qː
|
| *χ |
ħ |
χ |
χ
|
| *ʁ |
ʕ |
ʁ |
ʁ
|
| *qʲː |
q |
qʲ |
–
|
| *ɢʲ |
ɣʲ |
ʁʲ |
–
|
| *qʲʼ |
qʲʼ |
qʲʼ |
ʔ
|
| *χʲ |
ħ |
xʲ |
χʲ
|
| *ʁʲ |
ʕ |
ʁʲ |
ʁ
|
| *qʷ |
ħʷ |
qʷ |
qʷ-,qʷː
|
| *qʷː |
qʷ |
qʷ |
qʷː
|
| *ɢʷ |
ɣʷ |
ʁʷ |
ʁʷ
|
| *qʷʼ |
qʷʼ |
qʷʼ |
qʷː
|
| *χʷ |
ħʷ |
χʷ |
χʷ
|
| *ʁʷ |
ʕʷ |
ʁʷ |
ʁʷ
|
| *qʷʲ |
ħ(ʷ) |
xʲ |
qʷ-
|
| *qʷʲː |
– |
qʲ |
qʷː
|
| *ɢʷʲ |
ɣ(ʷ) |
ʁʲ |
ʁʷ
|
| *qʷʲʼ |
ʕʷ(qʷʼ?) |
qʲʼ |
ʔʷ
|
| *χʷʲ |
ħ(ʷ) |
χʲ |
χʷ
|
| *ʁʷʲ |
ʕ(ʷ) |
ʁʲ |
ʁʷ
|
| *qˤː |
ʕ |
– |
qː
|
| *qˤʼ |
ħ(?) |
qˤʼ |
qː
|
| *χˤ |
– |
χˤ |
χ
|
| *ʁˤ |
ʕ |
ʁˤ |
ʁ
|
| *qˤʲ |
q |
q(ˤ) |
ħ
|
| *qˤʲː |
ʔ |
qʼ |
ʔ
|
| *qˤʲʼ |
ħ |
qʼ |
ʔ
|
| *χˤʲ |
ħ |
χ(ˤ) |
ħ
|
| *ʁˤʲ |
ʕ |
ʁ |
j
|
| *qˤʷ |
ħʷ |
χˤʷ |
qʷ-
|
| *qˤʷː |
ʕʷ |
qˤ(ʷ) |
qʷː
|
| *qˤʷʼ |
qʷʼ(qʷ) |
qˤʷʼ |
qʷː
|
| *χˤʷ |
ħʷ |
χˤʷ |
χʷ
|
| *ʁˤʷ |
(ħʷ?) |
ʁˤʷ |
ʁʷ
|
| *qˤʷʲ |
qʷ |
χʷ |
ħ
|
| *qˤʷʲː |
ʕʷ |
qʷʼ |
ʔʷ
|
| *qˤʷʲʼ |
ħʷ |
qʷʼ |
ʔʷ
|
| *ʁˤʷʲ |
ʕʷ |
w |
w~ʁʷ
|
- En circasiano y abjasio , gʷǝ es corazón y en ubije es gʲǝ
Los cambios más notables son:
Gramática
Palabras
| Español |
Protocau. Nor. |
Protoabazgi |
Abjasio |
Abaza |
Ubije |
Protocircasiano |
Adigués |
Cabardino
|
| Yo |
– |
sa/sarˈa |
sa/sarˈa |
sa/sarˈa |
səsan |
sa |
sa |
sa
|
| Corazón |
ɡʲʷə |
ɡʷə |
ɡʷə |
ɡʷə |
ɡʲə |
ɡʷə |
ɡʷə |
ɡʷə
|
| Mar |
– |
– |
– |
– |
ɕʷa |
xə |
xə |
xə
|
| lo venden |
– |
– |
– |
– |
aːɕan |
– |
jaːɕan |
jaːɕan
|
| Voy |
– |
– |
– |
– |
skʲʼan |
skʷʼan |
skʷʼan |
skʷʼan
|
| yo digo |
– |
– |
– |
– |
sqʼan |
– |
sʔʷan |
sʔʷan
|
| Language/tongue |
bǝźA |
bzǝ |
aːbz |
bzǝ |
bza |
bza |
bza |
bza
|
| Rojo |
– |
– |
– |
– |
pɬə |
pɬəʑ |
pɬəʑ |
pɬəʑ
|
| Libro, Carta |
– |
– |
– |
– |
txəɬ |
txəɬ |
txəɬ |
txəɬ
|
| parte superior de la espalda |
– |
– |
– |
– |
txə |
txə |
txə |
txə
|
| Ox |
c:ʷǝ |
t͡sʷə |
á-ć̌ |
t͡ʃʷə |
t͡sʷə |
t͡sʷːə |
t͡sʷə, t͡ʃʷə |
və
|
| Sangre |
– |
– |
– |
– |
ɬa |
ɬə |
ɬə |
ɬə
|
| Mes/Luna |
– |
– |
aːmza |
məzə |
məʒa |
maːza |
maːza |
maːza
|
| Barba |
– |
– |
– |
– |
ʒaːkʼʲa |
ʒaːkʼʲa |
ʒaːt͡ʃʼa |
ʒaːt͡ʃʼa
|
| Polvo |
– |
– |
– |
– |
saːpa |
saːpa |
saːpa |
saːba
|
| Descalzo |
– |
– |
– |
– |
ɬapsʼə |
ɬapsʼa |
ɬapt͡sʼa |
ɬapt͡sʼa
|
| Burro |
– |
– |
– |
– |
t͡ʃədə |
ʃədə |
ʃədə |
ʃədə
|
| Erizo |
– |
– |
– |
– |
pəzʲə |
pəʐ |
pəʐ |
–
|
| Agua |
– |
– |
– |
– |
bzə |
psə |
psə |
psə
|
| Falla |
– |
– |
– |
– |
laːʑa |
laːʑa |
laːʑa |
laːʑa
|
| Casa |
ʁ́Iʷǝna |
– |
– |
ʕʷna |
– |
wəna |
wəna |
wəna
|
| Madre |
(a)nǝ |
(a)nǝ |
á-n |
anǝ |
na |
aːna |
nə |
aːna
|
| Padre |
(a)ṕ:ǝ |
ab |
ab |
aba |
tʷǝ |
at:a |
tǝ |
aːda
|
| pesado |
anǝTa |
xanǝta |
á-χ́anta |
χ́anta |
– |
want:aʁʷ |
wantaʁʷ |
wandaʁʷ
|
| establo |
anǝTa |
bawǝ-ra |
bora |
a-bóra, -bówra |
bow |
– |
– |
bow
|
| guest |
– |
– |
– |
– |
pč̣́a |
ħa-č̣́á |
ħaṣ́a |
ħāč̣́a
|
| Montaña/Colina |
bǝɣA |
– |
bʁa |
– |
– |
bɣǝ |
bɣǝ |
bɣǝ
|
| sarampión/escarlatina / navel |
bǝč̣́ǝ |
bǝč̣́ǝ |
a-bč̣́ǝ́ |
bč̣́ǝ |
bǝč̣́ǝ́ |
– |
nǝbǝǯ́ |
bǝnža
|
| polvo / burbuja / ampolla |
bǝbǝ |
– |
á-bǝb |
– |
– |
psǝ-bǝb |
psǝ-bǝb |
psǝ-bǝb
|
Números
| Español |
Protocau. Nor. Schulze |
Protocau. Nor. Colarusso |
Protoabazgi |
abjasio |
Abaza |
Ubijé |
Protocircasiano |
adigués |
Cabardino
|
| Uno |
za |
– |
za-kʼə |
akʼə |
zakʼə |
za |
zə |
zə |
zə
|
| Dos |
tʼqʷʼa |
tʼqʼo |
ʕʷ-ba |
ɥ-ba |
ʕʷ-ba |
tʼqʷʼa |
tʷʼə |
tʷʼə |
tʷʼə
|
| Tres |
λ:ə |
(y-)x̂ə/a |
χ-ba |
χ-ba/x-ba |
χ-ba |
ʂa |
ɕə |
ɕə |
ɕə
|
| Cuatro |
pʼλʼa |
– |
pɕ-ba |
pɕ-ba |
pɕ-ba |
pʼɬʼə |
t͡ɬə |
pɬʼə |
pɬʼə
|
| Cinco |
sx̂ʷə |
(w-/y-)ćx̂ə |
χʷ-ba |
χʷ-ba/xʷ-ba |
χʷ-ba |
ɕxə |
txʷə |
tfə |
txʷə
|
| Seis |
ɬʷə |
(w-)x̂cə |
tʃʷba? |
f-ba |
t͡s-ba |
fə |
xə |
xə |
xə
|
| Siete |
bδə |
ɣə́ |
bəʑ-ba |
bəʑ-ba |
bəʑ-ba |
blə |
bɮə |
blə |
bɮə
|
| Ocho |
– |
(w-/y-)ɣə/a |
aʕ-ba |
aa-ba |
aʕ-ba |
ʁʷa |
jə |
jə |
jə
|
| Nueve |
bğʷʲə |
ɣə́ |
– |
ʑʷ-ba |
ʒʷ-ba |
bʁʲə |
bʁʷə |
bʁʷə |
bʁʷə
|
| Diez |
bćʼʷə |
(p-/w-)źə́/źá |
– |
ʑʷa-ba |
ʒʷa-ba |
ʑʷə |
pʃʼə |
pʃʼə |
pɕʼə
|
Bibliografía
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
Enlaces externos
Datos: Q7251861