Glottolog
Glottolog es una base de datos bibliográfica de las lenguas menos conocidas del mundo, desarrollada y administrada primero en el Instituto Max Planck de Antropología Evolutiva en Leipzig, Alemania, y desde 2015 en el Instituto Max Planck de Ciencia de la Historia Humana en Jena, Alemania.
| Glottolog | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Editorial | Instituto Max Planck de Antropología Evolutiva | |
| Tipo | base de datos bibliográfica y base de datos | |
| Sitio web | glottolog.org | |
Glottolog proporciona una lista de las lenguas, familias de lenguas y bibliografías de los idiomas menos hablados del mundo. Difiere del catálogo similar Ethnologue en varios aspectos:
- Busca solo aceptar lenguas que los editores hayan podido confirmar que existen y sean distintas de otras más conocidas (variedades que no hayan sido confirmadas, pero provienen de alguna otra fuente, son catalogadas como "espurio" o "no atestiguado");
- Intenta solo clasificar familias de lenguas que han sido demostradas como válidas;
- Se proporciona información bibliográfica, especialmente para lenguas poco conocidas; y,
- Hasta cierto punto, los nombres alternativos están listados según las fuentes que los utilizan.[1] Los nombres de las lenguas utilizadas en las entradas bibliográficas están identificados por el código ISO 639-3 o el código propio de Glottolog (Glottocode);
- A excepción de una sola localización en un mapa en su respectivo centro geográfico, ninguna información etnográfica o demográfica es proporcionada. Los enlaces externos dirigen a ISO, Ethnologue y otras bases de datos de lenguas digitales.
Edición 2.2 publicada en línea en 2013 y bajo licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License. Edición 2.4 publicada en 2015 y edición 3.0 en 2017.
Familias de lenguas
Glottolog es más conservador en su clasificación que otras bases de datos digitales al establecer conexiones entre lenguas y grupos dentro de familias pero más liberales al considerar lenguas no clasificadas como aisladas. La edición 2.4 enlista 425 familias de lenguas orales, incluyendo aisladas, y 75 familias de lenguas de señas y aisladas, hasta ahora.
La lista está en inglés, manteniendo la información sin modificar que se presenta en la base de datos.
| Nombre | Región[2] | Lenguas |
|---|---|---|
| Atlantic-Congo | Africa, North America | 1432 |
| Austronesian | Africa, Eurasia, Oceania, South America | 1276 |
| Indo-European | Africa, Australia, Eurasia, North America, Oceania, South America | 585 |
| Sino-Tibetan | Eurasia | 472 |
| Afro-Asiatic | Africa, Eurasia | 372 |
| Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Oceania | 315 |
| Pama-Nyungan | Australia, Oceania | 240 |
| Otomanguean | North America | 178 |
| Austroasiatic | Eurasia | 164 |
| Tai-Kadai | Eurasia | 96 |
| Dravidian | Eurasia | 81 |
| Arawakan | North America, South America | 76 |
| Mande | Africa | 74 |
| Tupian | South America | 71 |
| Uto-Aztecan | North America | 68 |
| Central Sudanic | Africa | 62 |
| Nuclear Torricelli | Oceania | 55 |
| Nilotic | Africa | 51 |
| Algic | North America | 45 |
| Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit | North America | 45 |
| Quechuan | South America | 45 |
| Cariban | South America | 44 |
| Turkic | Eurasia | 44 |
| Uralic | Eurasia | 44 |
| Hmong-Mien | Eurasia | 39 |
| Panoan | South America | 38 |
| Sepik | Oceania | 36 |
| Mayan | North America | 33 |
| Nuclear-Macro-Je | South America | 31 |
| Lower Sepik-Ramu | Oceania | 30 |
| Nakh-Daghestanian | Eurasia | 30 |
| Chibchan | North America, South America | 27 |
| Tucanoan | South America | 26 |
| Salishan | North America | 25 |
| Timor-Alor-Pantar | Oceania | 22 |
| Lakes Plain | Oceania | 20 |
| Dogon | Africa | 19 |
| Mixe-Zoque | North America | 19 |
| Ta-Ne-Omotic | Africa | 19 |
| Siouan | North America | 18 |
| Morehead-Wasur | Oceania | 17 |
| Mongolic | Eurasia | 16 |
| Border | Oceania | 15 |
| North Halmahera | Oceania | 15 |
| Japonic | Eurasia, Oceania | 14 |
| Khoe-Kwadi | Africa | 14 |
| Angan | Oceania | 13 |
| Ndu | Oceania | 13 |
| Nubian | Africa | 13 |
| Tor-Orya | Oceania | 13 |
| Chapacuran | South America | 12 |
| Eskimo-Aleut | Eurasia, North America | 12 |
| Gunwinyguan | Australia | 12 |
| Totonacan | North America | 12 |
| Tungusic | Eurasia | 12 |
| Iroquoian | North America | 11 |
| Miwok-Costanoan | North America | 11 |
| Western Daly | Australia | 11 |
| Worrorran | Australia | 11 |
| Geelvink Bay | Oceania | 10 |
| Great Andamanese | Eurasia, Oceania | 10 |
| Heiban | Africa | 10 |
| Ijoid | Africa | 10 |
| Maban | Africa | 10 |
| Nyulnyulan | Australia | 10 |
| Saharan | Africa | 10 |
| Songhay | Africa | 10 |
| Surmic | Africa | 10 |
| Chocoan | South America | 9 |
| Cochimi-Yuman | North America | 9 |
| Dagan | Oceania | 9 |
| Sko | Oceania | 9 |
| South Bougainville | Oceania | 9 |
| Kiowa-Tanoan | North America | 8 |
| Kwerbic | Oceania | 8 |
| Mailuan | Oceania | 8 |
| Narrow Talodi | Africa | 8 |
| Tuu | Africa | 8 |
| Bosavi | Oceania | 7 |
| Daju | Africa | 7 |
| Huitotoan | South America | 7 |
| Inland Gulf | Oceania | 7 |
| Koiarian | Oceania | 7 |
| Matacoan | South America | 7 |
| Muskogean | North America | 7 |
| Pomoan | North America | 7 |
| Tacanan | South America | 7 |
| Arawan | South America | 6 |
| Baining | Oceania | 6 |
| Barbacoan | South America | 6 |
| Chumashan | North America | 6 |
| East Strickland | Oceania | 6 |
| Goilalan | Oceania | 6 |
| Kadugli-Krongo | Africa | 6 |
| Kartvelian | Eurasia | 6 |
| Kiwaian | Oceania | 6 |
| Kxa | Africa | 6 |
| Left May | Oceania | 6 |
| Marind | Oceania | 6 |
| Nambiquaran | South America | 6 |
| South Bird's Head Family | Oceania | 6 |
| Wakashan | North America | 6 |
| Yeniseian | Eurasia | 6 |
| Zaparoan | South America | 6 |
| Abkhaz-Adyge | Eurasia | 5 |
| Caddoan | North America | 5 |
| Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Eurasia | 5 |
| Guahibo | South America | 5 |
| Guaicuruan | South America | 5 |
| Lengua-Mascoy | South America | 5 |
| Mirndi | Australia | 5 |
| Misumalpan | North America | 5 |
| Nimboran | Oceania | 5 |
| Nuclear Eleman | Oceania | 5 |
| Pauwasi | Oceania | 5 |
| Sahaptian | North America | 5 |
| South Omotic | Africa | 5 |
| Tirio | Oceania | 5 |
| West Bird's Head | Oceania | 5 |
| Xincan | North America | 5 |
| Yanomam | South America | 5 |
| Yareban | Oceania | 5 |
| Yuat | Oceania | 5 |
| Chinookan | North America | 4 |
| Chonan | South America | 4 |
| Eastern Jebel | Africa | 4 |
| Eastern Trans-Fly | Oceania | 4 |
| Huavean | North America | 4 |
| Iwaidjan Proper | Australia | 4 |
| Jivaroan | South America | 4 |
| Kamakanan | South America | 4 |
| Koman | Africa | 4 |
| Maiduan | North America | 4 |
| Mangarrayi-Maran | Australia | 4 |
| Maningrida | Australia | 4 |
| Mao | Africa | 4 |
| Nadahup | South America | 4 |
| North Bougainville | Oceania | 4 |
| Sentani | Oceania | 4 |
| Suki-Gogodala | Oceania | 4 |
| Tama | Africa | 4 |
| Tangkic | Australia | 4 |
| Turama-Kikori | Oceania | 4 |
| Walio | Oceania | 4 |
| Yokutsan | North America | 4 |
| Yukaghir | Eurasia | 4 |
| Arafundi | Oceania | 3 |
| Aymara | South America | 3 |
| Bororoan | South America | 3 |
| Cahuapanan | South America | 3 |
| Charruan | South America | 3 |
| Dizoid | Africa | 3 |
| East Bird's Head | Oceania | 3 |
| Giimbiyu | Australia | 3 |
| Jarrakan | Australia | 3 |
| Kalapuyan | North America | 3 |
| Katla-Tima | Africa | 3 |
| Kawesqar | South America | 3 |
| Kayagar | Oceania | 3 |
| Kolopom | Oceania | 3 |
| Kuliak | Africa | 3 |
| Kwalean | Oceania | 3 |
| Mairasi | Oceania | 3 |
| Mongol-Langam | Oceania | 3 |
| Peba-Yagua | South America | 3 |
| Puri | South America | 3 |
| Saliban | South America | 3 |
| Shastan | North America | 3 |
| Tsimshian | North America | 3 |
| West Bomberai | Oceania | 3 |
| Yangmanic | Australia | 3 |
| Zamucoan | South America | 3 |
| Amto-Musan | Oceania | 2 |
| Araucanian | South America | 2 |
| Awin-Pa | Oceania | 2 |
| Baibai-Fas | Oceania | 2 |
| Bayono-Awbono | Oceania | 2 |
| Boran | South America | 2 |
| Bulaka River | Oceania | 2 |
| Bunaban | Australia | 2 |
| Chimakuan | North America | 2 |
| Coosan | North America | 2 |
| Doso-Turumsa | Oceania | 2 |
| Eastern Daly | Australia | 2 |
| East Kutubu | Oceania | 2 |
| Etrusco-Rhaetian | Eurasia | 2 |
| Furan | Africa | 2 |
| Garrwan | Australia | 2 |
| Haida | North America | 2 |
| Harakmbut | South America | 2 |
| Hatam-Mansim | Oceania | 2 |
| Hibito-Cholon | South America | 2 |
| Huarpean | South America | 2 |
| Hurro-Urartian | Eurasia | 2 |
| Inanwatan | Oceania | 2 |
| Jarawa-Onge | Eurasia | 2 |
| Jicaquean | North America | 2 |
| Kakua-Nukak | South America | 2 |
| Kariri | South America | 2 |
| Katukinan | South America | 2 |
| Kaure-Narau | Oceania | 2 |
| Keresan | North America | 2 |
| Konda-Yahadian | Oceania | 2 |
| Koreanic | Eurasia | 2 |
| Kresh-Aja | Africa | 2 |
| Kwomtari | Oceania | 2 |
| Lencan | North America | 2 |
| Lepki-Murkim | Oceania | 2 |
| Limilngan | Australia | 2 |
| Manubaran | Oceania | 2 |
| Marrku-Wurrugu | Australia | 2 |
| Mombum | Oceania | 2 |
| Monumbo | Oceania | 2 |
| Namla-Tofanma | Oceania | 2 |
| North-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
| Northern Daly | Australia | 2 |
| Nyimang | Africa | 2 |
| Pahoturi | Oceania | 2 |
| Palaihnihan | North America | 2 |
| Piawi | Oceania | 2 |
| Rashad | Africa | 2 |
| Senagi | Oceania | 2 |
| Somahai | Oceania | 2 |
| South-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
| Southern Daly | Australia | 2 |
| Tarascan | North America | 2 |
| Taulil-Butam | Oceania | 2 |
| Teberan | Oceania | 2 |
| Temein | Africa | 2 |
| Tequistlatecan | North America | 2 |
| Ticuna-Yuri | South America | 2 |
| Uru-Chipaya | South America | 2 |
| Western Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
| Wintuan | North America | 2 |
| Yawa | Oceania | 2 |
| Yuki-Wappo | North America | 2 |
| Abinomn | Oceania | 1 |
| Abun | Oceania | 1 |
| Adai | North America | 1 |
| Aewa | South America | 1 |
| Aikanã | South America | 1 |
| Ainu (Japan) | Eurasia | 1 |
| Alsea | North America | 1 |
| Andaqui | South America | 1 |
| Andoque | South America | 1 |
| Anem | Oceania | 1 |
| Ap Ma | Oceania | 1 |
| Arutani | South America | 1 |
| Atacame | South America | 1 |
| Atakapa | North America | 1 |
| Banaro | Oceania | 1 |
| Bangime | Africa | 1 |
| Basque | Eurasia | 1 |
| Beothuk | North America | 1 |
| Berta | Africa | 1 |
| Betoi | South America | 1 |
| Bilua | Oceania | 1 |
| Birri | Africa | 1 |
| Bogaya | Oceania | 1 |
| Burmeso | Oceania | 1 |
| Burushaski | Eurasia | 1 |
| Camsá | South America | 1 |
| Candoshi-Shapra | South America | 1 |
| Canichana | South America | 1 |
| Cayubaba | South America | 1 |
| Cayuse | North America | 1 |
| Chimariko | North America | 1 |
| Chiquitano | South America | 1 |
| Chitimacha | North America | 1 |
| Chono | South America | 1 |
| Coahuilteco | North America | 1 |
| Cofán | South America | 1 |
| Comecrudo | North America | 1 |
| Cotoname | North America | 1 |
| Cuitlatec | North America | 1 |
| Culli | South America | 1 |
| Damal | Oceania | 1 |
| Dem | Oceania | 1 |
| Dibiyaso | Oceania | 1 |
| Duna | Oceania | 1 |
| Elamite | Eurasia | 1 |
| Elseng | Oceania | 1 |
| Esselen | North America | 1 |
| Fasu | Oceania | 1 |
| Fulniô | South America | 1 |
| Gagadu | Australia | 1 |
| Guachi | South America | 1 |
| Guaicurian | North America | 1 |
| Guamo | South America | 1 |
| Guató | South America | 1 |
| Gule | Africa | 1 |
| Gumuz | Africa | 1 |
| Guriaso | Oceania | 1 |
| Hadza | Africa | 1 |
| Hattic | Eurasia | 1 |
| Hruso | Eurasia | 1 |
| Iberian | Eurasia | 1 |
| Irántxe | South America | 1 |
| Itonama | South America | 1 |
| Jalaa | Africa | 1 |
| Jirajaran | South America | 1 |
| Kaki Ae | Oceania | 1 |
| Kamula | Oceania | 1 |
| Kanoê | South America | 1 |
| Kapori | Oceania | 1 |
| Karankawa | North America | 1 |
| Karok | North America | 1 |
| Kehu | Oceania | 1 |
| Kembra | Oceania | 1 |
| Kenaboi | Eurasia | 1 |
| Kibiri | Oceania | 1 |
| Kimki | Oceania | 1 |
| Klamath-Modoc | North America | 1 |
| Kol (Papua New Guinea) | Oceania | 1 |
| Kosadle | Oceania | 1 |
| Kujarge | Africa | 1 |
| Kunama | Africa | 1 |
| Kungarakany | Australia | 1 |
| Kunza | South America | 1 |
| Kuot | Oceania | 1 |
| Kusunda | Eurasia | 1 |
| Kutenai | North America | 1 |
| Kwaza | South America | 1 |
| Laal | Africa | 1 |
| Lafofa | Africa | 1 |
| Laragia | Australia | 1 |
| Lavukaleve | Oceania | 1 |
| Leco | South America | 1 |
| Lule | South America | 1 |
| Máku | South America | 1 |
| Maratino | North America | 1 |
| Massep | Oceania | 1 |
| Matanawí | South America | 1 |
| Mato Grosso Arára | South America | 1 |
| Mawes | Oceania | 1 |
| Maybrat | Oceania | 1 |
| Meroitic | Africa | 1 |
| Mimi-Gaudefroy | Africa | 1 |
| Minkin | Australia | 1 |
| Mochica | South America | 1 |
| Molale | North America | 1 |
| Molof | Oceania | 1 |
| Mor (Bomberai Peninsula) | Oceania | 1 |
| Morori | Oceania | 1 |
| Mosetén-Chimané | South America | 1 |
| Movima | South America | 1 |
| Mpur | Oceania | 1 |
| Muniche | South America | 1 |
| Mure | South America | 1 |
| Nara | Africa | 1 |
| Natchez | North America | 1 |
| Nihali | Eurasia | 1 |
| Nivkh | Eurasia | 1 |
| Odiai | Oceania | 1 |
| Omurano | South America | 1 |
| Ongota | Africa | 1 |
| Oti | South America | 1 |
| Otomaco | South America | 1 |
| Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport | Australia | 1 |
| Páez | South America | 1 |
| Pankararú | South America | 1 |
| Papi | Oceania | 1 |
| Pawaia | Oceania | 1 |
| Payagua | South America | 1 |
| Pele-Ata | Oceania | 1 |
| Pirahã | South America | 1 |
| Puelche | South America | 1 |
| Puinave | South America | 1 |
| Pumé | South America | 1 |
| Puquina | South America | 1 |
| Purari | Oceania | 1 |
| Pyu | Oceania | 1 |
| Ramanos | South America | 1 |
| Salinan | North America | 1 |
| Sandawe | Africa | 1 |
| Sapé | South America | 1 |
| Sause | Oceania | 1 |
| Savosavo | Oceania | 1 |
| Sechuran | South America | 1 |
| Seri | North America | 1 |
| Shabo | Africa | 1 |
| Shom Peng | Eurasia | 1 |
| Siuslaw | North America | 1 |
| Suarmin | Oceania | 1 |
| Sulka | Oceania | 1 |
| Sumerian | Eurasia | 1 |
| Tabo | Oceania | 1 |
| Taiap | Oceania | 1 |
| Takelma | North America | 1 |
| Tallán | South America | 1 |
| Tambora | Oceania | 1 |
| Tanahmerah | Oceania | 1 |
| Taruma | South America | 1 |
| Taushiro | South America | 1 |
| Timote-Cuica | South America | 1 |
| Timucua | North America | 1 |
| Tinigua | South America | 1 |
| Tiwi | Australia | 1 |
| Tonkawa | North America | 1 |
| Touo | Oceania | 1 |
| Trumai | South America | 1 |
| Tunica | North America | 1 |
| Tuxá | South America | 1 |
| Umbugarla | Australia | 1 |
| Urarina | South America | 1 |
| Usku | Oceania | 1 |
| Vilela | South America | 1 |
| Wadjiginy | Australia | 1 |
| Wageman | Australia | 1 |
| Waorani | South America | 1 |
| Warao | South America | 1 |
| Washo | North America | 1 |
| Wiru | Oceania | 1 |
| Xukurú | South America | 1 |
| Yale | Oceania | 1 |
| Yámana | South America | 1 |
| Yana | North America | 1 |
| Yele | Oceania | 1 |
| Yerakai | Oceania | 1 |
| Yetfa | Oceania | 1 |
| Yuchi | North America | 1 |
| Yuracaré | South America | 1 |
| Yurumanguí | South America | 1 |
| Yuwana | South America | 1 |
| Zuni | North America | 1 |
| LSFic | (sign) | 32 |
| ASLic | (sign) | 20 |
| BSLic | (sign) | 10 |
| Arab Sign | 6 | |
| Russian Sign | 6 | |
| CSLic | (sign) | 5 |
| DGSic | (sign) | 4 |
| JSLic | (sign) | 3 |
| Old Chiangmai-Bangkok-Haiphong Sign | 3 | |
| Spanish Sign Language | 3 | |
| Paraguay-Uruguay Sign | 2 | |
| Providencia-Cayman Sign | 2 | |
| Afghan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Albanian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Argentine Sign Language | 1 | |
| Armenian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bamako Sign Language | 1 | |
| Brazilian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Burkina Faso Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ecuadorian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Estonian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Guatemalan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Hausa Sign Language | 1 | |
| Indian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Kenyan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Lyons Sign Language | 1 | |
| Maltese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mauritian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mofu-Gudur Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mozambican Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nepalese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Pakistan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Penang Sign Language | 1 | |
| Persian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Rennellese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Salvadoran Sign Language | 1 | |
| Saudi Arabian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Sri Lankan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tanzanian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tijuana Sign Language | 1 | |
| Turkish Sign Language | 1 | |
| Venezuelan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yoruba Sign Language | 1 | |
| Zambian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Zimbabwe Sign Language | 1 | |
| Adamorobe Sign Language | 1 | |
| Alipur Sign Language | 1 | |
| Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ban Khor Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bengkala Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bribri Sign Language | 1 | |
| Brunca Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bura Sign Language | 1 | |
| Chatino Sign Language | 1 | |
| Enga Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ghandruk Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ghardaia Sign Language | 1 | |
| Guinea-Bissau Sign Language | 1 | |
| Inuit Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jamaican Country Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jhankot Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jumla Sign Language | 1 | |
| Kajana Sign Language | 1 | |
| Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mardin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mbour Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nanabin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nicaraguan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Old Kentish Sign Language | 1 | |
| Original Costa Rican Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tebul Sign Language | 1 | |
| Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yolngu Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yucatec Maya Sign Language | 1 |
Las lenguas criollas se clasifican junto con el idioma que les brindó su léxico básico.
Además de las lenguas clasificadas en familias, Glottolog reconoce 79 pidgins (incluyendo una lengua de señas pidgin), 24 lenguas mixtas, 8 lenguas artificiales, 9 registros de discurso (incluyendo 3 sistemas de señas auxiliares), 118 atestiguadas pero no clasificadas lenguas (incluyendo 2 lenguas de señas), 61 lenguas no atestiguadas, y 270 lenguas espurio (como artículos ISO retirados, e incluyendo 3 lenguas de señas) mantenidas por propósitos bibliográficos.
Referencias
- See for example the Plantilla:Glottolink section for ISO languages that Glottolog has deemed to be spurious distinctions.
This discrimination does not apply to dialects, many of which have been inherited from MultiTree or other sources without verification. - Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of Papua (New Guinea) and Austronesia), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Este artículo ha sido escrito por Wikipedia. El texto está disponible bajo la licencia Creative Commons - Atribución - CompartirIgual. Pueden aplicarse cláusulas adicionales a los archivos multimedia.